UNA HISTORIA QUE RECORDAR: PETROMEX
Por: Dr. J. Javier Leuchter Ibarra.
Todos somos expertos, opinamos de una gran variedad de temas. El tema actual, es el novel coronavirus-19. De la economía ni se diga, o del gobierno mexicano.
Somos, como decía mi madre: “candil de la calle y obscuridad de nuestra casa”.
En verdad, no queremos a nuestro país.
Solo lo vemos, como los piratas de antaño y actuales, cuando, en altamar, divisaban un buque mercante: un botin.
Somos solo una bonita fachada. Por fuera nos vestimos de marca -aunque sea “una imitación pirata”- para apantallar . Un automóvil de lujo, al cuál pagamos dos veces más que la renta de nuestra casa o, la colegiatura de nuestros hijos.
Opinamos sin saber. Aseguramos, sin conocer. Juzgamos, sin tener información. Sentenciamos, sin verificar. Así, vamos por la vida. Como personas sin hogar. Siendo oprtunistas de las situaciones para poder sobrevivir. Si, sobrevivir, solos. Solicitando una limosna, extendiendo y pronando la mano. Asegurando tener una mirada patética, suplicante.
En lo referente al petróleo estamos igual. PEMEX: ¡es de los mexicanos!
Se ha defendido este supuesto con vehemencia, a tal grado que hoy resulta ser parte de una “nueva” estrategia transformacional.
¿El petróleo de los mexicanos?
¿Qué sabemos de este compuesto orgánico llamado “oro negro”.
El petróleo es, hasta el momento, la principal fuente de energía, y la materia prima objeto de comercio, balanza y estabilidad financiera mundial, aunque ya en fase de decadencia.
Es la energía que mantiene en actividad a nuestra civilización. Es un recurso no renovable de tipo orgánico. Es un producto estratégico que ha provocado en la actualidad un desequilibrio económico mundial asociado de igual forma a la pandemia.
La formación de este elemento tuvo su origen hace más de 200 millones de años, cuando la mayoría del planeta estaba cubierto por agua. Los procesos biológicos sobre la materia orgánica acumulada en el fondo de los océanos primitivos y la alta presión, dieron lugar a la conformación de hidrocarburos -hidro= hidrógeno, carburo= carbón-, que tardaron en formarse entre 10 y 100 millones de años.
Piedra y aceite son los términos latinos que encontramos en la etimología de la palabra: petróleo. Petra y oleum.
El crudo que se obtiene de los pozos es prácticamente inservible, requiriendo de un proceso llamado refinación para que sus productos sean úitles. Tambien hay diferentes variedades y los más valiosos son aquellos que tienen un bajo número de átomos de carbono, con lo que se pueden obtener productos mas valiosos.
El petróleo es conocido desde la antigüedad.
Según la Biblia, Noé impermeabilizó su arco con un derivado del petróleo, el betún. Los pueblos de Mesopotania –sumerios y acadios– hacían comercio con los asfaltos, las naftas y los betunes. Los fenicios comerciaban con petróleo que obtenían a las orillas del mar Caspio, y los griegos destruían las flotas enemigas vertiendo petróleo al mar y prendiendo fuego.
El primer pozo petrolero “moderno” lo perforó en 1859 Edwin Drake en Pensilvania.
En México la historia del petróleo comenzó en 1876.
La actividad petrolera se organizó en el Golfo de México,también, en los estados de Tamaulipas, Veracruz y San Luis Potosí. Ya de forma intensiva, desde 1906, cuando llegaron a nuestro país varias compañias de Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña y Holanda, que recibierona amplias concesiones para explotar los yacimientos, lo cual representaba altos dividendos para ellos y muy poco ingreso para México.
Transcurrieron varios años e infructosos intentos para regular la actividad petrolera. El 19 de marzo de 1915 se creó la Comisión Técnica del Petróleo. En 1916 se sugirió la necesidad de que la riqueza del subsuelo se restituyera como dominio de la nación. En la Constitucion de 1917, en el párrafo IV del artículo 27, se establecería la restitución a la nación de los derechos de propiedad sobre el suelo y subsuelo. Nulificar los derechos adquiridos por las compañias petroleras en la era de Porfirio Díaz. Durante más de 10 años las compañias petroleras intentaron impedir la formación de sindicatos obreros.
El 27 de diciembre de 1935 se fundó el Sindicato de Trabajadores Petroleros de la República Mexicana (STPRM). Al año siguiente el sindicato recién formado emplazó a las compañias para negociar un contrato general que estableciera la jornada semanal de cuarenta horas y mejores salarios. El 27 de mayo de 1937 estalló la huelga que paralizó la industria. Para variar, las empresas petroleras dijeron que no contaban con recursos para sufragar las demandas exigidas. Una comisión de peritos concluyó que los beneficios que obtenían dichas empresas eran muy superiores y podian cubrir las demandas.
El 18 de marzo de 1938, a las diez de la noche y apoyado por su gabinete, la Suprema Corte de Justicia y el Congreso de la Unión, Cárdenas del Río dio a conocer el decreto de expropiación de todos los bienes muebles e inmuebles que pertenecían a diecisiete compañías petroleras inglesas y estadounidenses que operaban en México.
A partir de ahí, el petróleo del subsuelo fue parte de la nación mexicana. Pasaría a formar parte del inventario de la clase política y del sindicato petrolero, ambos voráces y corruptos.
Se fundó Petromex y posteriormente Pemex. Sin embargo los impuestos, la corrupción, una mala administración y la baja en los precios del petróleo harían que México nunca fuera dueño del petróleo ni los mexicanos recibieran beneficio de él.
Hoy seguimos pensando que tiempos pasados fueron mejores.
¡Hasta la próxima!
These machines typically embody weight that provide resistance, resistance you can keep rising as your muscles grow stronger. You’ll all the time be succesful of hold pushing more durable and lifting heavier thanks to these abs machines. Some of the machines are designed specifically for building abs, others could be modified to target your abs, or are versatile enough they accommodate lots of ab-focused workout routines. Heat up completely, then perform three sets of 8-10 reps of the next workout routines with 90 seconds rest in between units. However, it is essential to note that their collection may not be as extensive as different gyms catering to powerlifting or bodybuilding fanatics. To continuously challenge your muscular tissues and promote development, embrace the principle of progressive overload. Gradually improve the load or resistance degree as your strength improves. The leaning place derives most effectiveness from the motion. In a standard standing lateral increase, the side delts are activated only around the midway mark. Historically, the bro split was the most well-liked exercise mannequin – merely train each muscle group per day and reap the benefits of the train variations to optimize hypertrophy [1]. Regularly training the legs can offer large advantages to the whole physique and due to this fact good carry over to day by day activities whether that’s strolling or climbing the steps. Nonetheless, if you are looking to enhance muscular endurance, then it is suggested that you just perform between reps with a lighter weight. The cable system belt squat, nevertheless, has the burden load positioned instantly in entrance of the person. He focuses on gym-based training and has a lot of information about exercise, lifting approach, biomechanics, and more. Here are some efficient leg workout routines you can do on this versatile machine. The Glute and Ham Increase Machine, additionally known as the Glute-Ham Developer (GHD), helps strengthen posterior chain muscular tissues, particularly your glutes and hamstrings. Not Like some free-weight workouts, leg curls minimize stress on the decrease back. Stabilizing the hip adduction and abduction muscles may help improve your general stability, posture, and physique movements. The level of a leg curl is to keep the motion gentle and controlled. Maintain your core tightened and slowly launch the weight as you bring your legs up. By using the Smith machine through the break up squat, you've higher stability. The extra stability permits you to take a a lot bigger stride ahead, increasing your hip flexion and glute stretch. While the inverted row is a bodyweight motion that works the biceps and back, utilizing a Smith machine lets you adjust the bar peak simply, making the exercise extremely versatile. This motion can be a incredible alternative to plain incline barbell bench press. He created the movement to assist enhance his lateral head tricep power, and it labored completely; he held the bench press world report for some time. You can even plan your training regularly in accordance with your exercise objectives. This variation is particularly great for enhancing glute activation, making it a key motion for anyone seeking to enhance their posterior chain power. Now, I’ll share with you my favorite (and the best) Smith machine leg workout routines you are capable of do to focus on your lower physique, working your glutes, hamstrings, quads, and calves like a BOSS. If you have knee issues, avoid machines like the leg extension machine, as it places excessive stress on the knee joint. As A Substitute, give attention to lower-impact options just like the seated leg curl or hip abductor machine. Leg machines permit controlled movements that help you target specific muscle teams with precision. Not Like free weights, machines provide built-in stability and guided movement patterns, decreasing the danger of harm while allowing you to focus purely on working the muscle tissue you need to build. The point of using these leg machines is to enhance your calf muscle tissue. You don’t need a lot of fancy tools to coach your legs and have a killer workout. In reality, you'll be able to build muscle and power using nothing greater than dumbbells and bodyweight exercises. This exercise is ideal for home exercisers, and anytime you find yourself in a badly-equipped fitness center. The leg curl machine is a staple when it comes to leg machines at the gym. The gluteus maximus arises from a big space on the rear of the pelvic bone, passes down behind the hip joint, and attaches to the upper femur. The legs also include dozens of muscle tissue that flex, bend, extend, adduct, abduct, and rotate your legs and allow movement. Are Smith machine workouts as functional as their freeweight counterparts? However unless you might be an athlete, functionality isn’t actually much of a concern. For this reason, I’ve compiled a sequence of workout routines that will not solely fortify your glutes, quads, hamstrings, and calves, but also solidify your foundation for many years to come. The Smith machine lunge is a lower-body unilateral exercise that allows you to work one leg at a time. This unilateral movement sample helps improve steadiness and stability, addresses potential muscle imbalances between the legs, and enhances practical and athletic fitness. This guided path supplies stability and management, making it a helpful tool for each newbies and experienced lifters. If you’re new, you may begin with simply the weight of your legs or add minimal weight and enhance as you become extra snug. For the outer thigh abductors, you’ll start with your knees together and the pads resting in opposition to the outer portion. Then, push the padded stands outward, opening your knees away from one another. For an efficient squat, begin by setting the bar at shoulder height so that it's going to sit alongside the highest of your shoulders behind your neck. Set your toes hip-width aside and grip the bar a little more than shoulder-width aside. It’s additionally useful for maintaining and growing hip mobility, coordination, and balance. Use just your body weight or hold a dumbbell in every hand as preferred. Carried Out with dumbbells or simply your bodyweight, this exercise is nice for building your posterior chain and bettering your steadiness. It’s additionally a wonderful way to spot and fix left-to-right strength differences. Non-stop goblet squats are designed to keep rigidity on the target muscle tissue for the whole period of the set. This will flood your muscle tissue with lactic acid whereas maximizing time under rigidity, each crucial factors for muscle growth. It can be great for core stability considering it is a unilateral train. Here are some effective barbell squat alternatives that you are capable of do to beat leg day. Additionally, since you are utilizing a machine to focus on the calves, you can do larger quantity sets and reps because the CNS demand is considerably less than free weight exercises. ✅ Shorter studying curve – The potential of getting damage with free weights is very actual. The added technical problem of the massive lifts—deadlifts, squats—which aren't as simple as they look, means taking more time to correctly learn the basics of the raise. Too much can go mistaken, and unless you’re a sophisticated lifter with years of experience squatting, you might damage yourself. Working one aspect at a time eliminates any muscular imbalances that may happen, as both sides must work equally as onerous. I’m a massive fan of this motion and can assure you’ll learn to adore it too. As the train trains one side at a time, you'll have the ability to iron out any muscle imbalance that you might need. Shrugs are unbelievable for creating shoulder stabilization and can help you improve different lifts while decreasing harm danger. Utilizing the Smith machine, you can overload the barbell, which outcomes in huge muscle activation in your traps. Plus, you don’t wish to be the person hogging the squat rack and not doing squats. Leg machine exercises provide an accessible way to build strength and endurance whereas minimizing strain on the joints. They permit for managed movements, making them safer and easier to take care of correct form. Moreover, machines help target particular person muscle groups efficiently. Looking for the final word cardio machine that can assist you crush your health goals? It doesn’t matter if you’re here to burn fats, construct endurance or tone up. At EōS Health, we know everyone’s fitness journey is unique, and so are your objectives. That’s why we’ve received the right lineup of cardio machines that will help you sort out each challenge, massive or small. Hip abduction is the movement of the leg away from the midline of the physique. This makes the hip abduction machine the one with the pads positioned on the outside of the thighs. It offers glorious steadiness, prevents unnecessary movements, and reduces the risk of accidents. To perform the decline bench press, position the bench to a 30-degree decline and press the bar upward until your decrease chest is engaged. Additionally, regulate your feet correctly under the pad for more stability. The Smith machine leg press involves urgent the load alongside utilizing a set bar on the machine. You can even use these exercises to design your individual Smith Machine full-body exercise routine that matches your health stage. If you only manage 8 reps, try to build as a lot as 12 on every train. Only enhance the burden once you'll have the ability to complete every set with excellent form ‘aka’ progressive overload. Leg machines use different varieties of resistance, together with weight plates, magnetic, hydraulic, air, and pin-loaded weight stacks. If your objective is strength features, plate-loaded machines, such because the leg press, will be the best option for you. In terms of muscle acquire, machines that allow you to isolate the working muscle group, such as the leg extension are good choices. Since then, the location has grown to incorporate lots of of applications for power, bodybuilding, Olympic weightlifting, and extra. He presently lives in Massachusetts and continues to compete in powerlifting. Your back should all the time be straight and up towards the again of the seat to stop your upper body from getting involved. If you’re simply getting started you won't remember, but dropping the burden could cause a severe quantity of harm. That’s why it’s at all times greatest to begin with lower weights you know you presumably can handle. If you utilize the extension machine properly, the movements are very controlled. By not jerking the physique, you put less strain on the joints and muscles. Strengthening the hamstrings will assist with stability and stability and lower the chance of harm. Workout Routines such as Romanian deadlifts, lying leg curls or the great morning train will effectively activate the hamstrings. Lie in your again, attach the strap to your ankles, and produce your knees in direction of your chest, utilizing your abs to tug the load. Feel free to visit my homepage :: muscle building steroid (zuc.us)
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Launched as a premium choice, it boasts excessive solubility and claims of enhanced bioavailability, with doses typically at 3–5 grams daily. The science behind creatine HCl leans heavily on its pH-lowering design. By making the compound extra acidic, it’s thought to resist breakdown within the stomach, potentially enhancing bioavailability. There is an argument to be made to not discontinue supplementation, as you may lose the performance profit. However, provided that creatine’s ergogenic effect is extra long-term, because it actually causes additional muscle mass, I believe cessation of creatine supplementation likely doesn’t trigger a efficiency drop. One study seems to assist this, as withdrawal from creatine had no effect on the speed of energy, endurance, and loss of lean tissue mass with 12 weeks of reduced-volume training21. Although the sample was small, and it’s the only study to my awareness. If you don’t want to risk it, then proceed with supplementation all through your competitors preparation. This selection has a quantity of security certifications that stand out, including being GMP and UL certified. I personally recommend loading, as a outcome of I don’t see the purpose of waiting. It’s also no more expensive, as I’ve seen argued, since the increased dosage is compensated by receiving the profit earlier, and that’s what you really care about. Take one scoop (5g) of Momentous Creatine day by day with 8–12 ounces of liquid, ideally on the identical time each day. Before taking creatine (or any other supplement), ensure to talk with a healthcare skilled who can provide personalized dosing recommendations. It’s also a good suggestion to verify with a doctor earlier than taking any new supplements if you have any underlying well being circumstances or are taking different medications. Naked Diet merchandise are manufactured in CGMP certified amenities and audited by Silliker, a third-party organization. Overall, evaluations are constructive, with many people noting that the powder dissolves easily and doesn’t change the flavor of whatever it’s mixed into. Creatine in small, really helpful dosages has minimal side-effects and is research-backed as protected. They may be effective in offering bodily improvements, exerting cardioprotective, and neuroprotective advantages to help with total wellbeing. Creatine supplements, especially for sports activities, may be taken in 2 phases – loading and upkeep. The dosage could be taken as one capsule minutes earlier than a workout and one capsule post-workout with meals on training days. This complement contains the highest grade of creatine monohydrate with zero synthetic sweeteners, colors, or flavors. The firm also checks for heavy metals contamination to ensure full safety in consumption. The micronized particles in the powder guarantee fast dissolvability and speedy absorption into the physique to promote bodily advantages, in addition to enhance the cognitive functioning of the mind. Its taste is awesome and it comes with a multi-stage combination of carbohydrates. It accommodates glucose polymer, ModCarb, dextrose, waxy maize, and dextrin. A Quantity Of kinds of creatine dietary supplements can be found, including creatine ethyl ester and creatine HCL. According to a 2024 examine, taking a single dose of creatine improved cognitive efficiency and processing speed in people with sleep deprivation. Nevertheless, analysis shows that creatine supplementation doesn't increase testosterone or DHT and does not have an effect on hair loss or baldness. The greatest creatine supplement for you is determined by elements like private preference, health historical past, cost and extra. Seek The Advice Of with your healthcare provider to find out if you should take a creatine complement. When it involves finding the right creatine supplement for you, there are numerous options out there. We spoke to some nutrition specialists and Forbes Health Advisory Board members to get their top recommendations to help make your choice making somewhat simpler. This data will be especially useful for many who haven’t used creatine earlier than and need to make a sensible choice to make sure they are buying the best option for them. One of the creatine forms, AKG, which is creatine bonded to Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG), is a precursor to the amino acid glutamine that plays a job in muscle growth however it’s mostly used for recovery purposes. In one examine, researchers examined creatine pyruvate’s impression on sprint and endurance efficiency in cyclists. Nonetheless, if you’re going to take each dietary supplements, you can consider a more handy and cost-effective option, such as creatine with HMB. After spending a lot of time researching all the different creatine choices obtainable at present, we've come up with a listing of six brands, we consider to be the simplest merchandise out there. She adds, "the place we might see will increase in weight within the brief time period is said to body water retention. This is most notable when you engage in a creatine-loading section." "There are plenty of myths about creatine that aren’t based mostly on science, with a few of the commonest being that it causes kidney problems and muscle cramping," provides Jones. Additionally, Jones adds that creatine supplementation can also assist protect muscle during times of inactivity in addition to with aging. It is being researched as helpful to those with illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, ALS, and muscular dystrophy. Analysis reveals that creatine is properly tolerated when taken at the beneficial dose of 3-5 grams per day, or 0.1 g/kg of physique mass, per day. Extra than that, this creatine supplement could be taken along with food as a half of a wholesome and balanced food regimen, however not instead. 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